NURS 700 Advanced Nursing Theory

Selecta sexually transmitted illness (STI). Discuss the presenting symptoms and signs,  diagnostic testing, findings, evidence-based treatment, along with the patient education.

The chosen sexually transmitted illness to be analyzed is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The presenting signs and symptoms of the mentioned disease are as follows:

1. Anal, genital, oral and perianal ulcers
2. Urethritis
3. Cervicitis
4. Vaginal or urethral discharge
5. Genitalwarts

In the early stage of HIV which lasts for approximately 6 months includes flue like symptoms along with fever, chills, rash, night sweats, fatigue and swollen lymph nodes (Relf et al., 2013). The exam findings of the mentioned disease include symptoms like rapid weight loss, extreme tiredness, long lasting Diarrhea, Pneumonia, depression, memory loss as well as other neurological disorders. Apart from the blood test, other diagnostic tests that are used to detect HIV in a healthcare service user include ELISA test, Saliva tests, Home tests and Viral Load Test. The ELISA stage stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. If ELISA Test is positive, then the Western blot test is performed. Evidenced-based treatment is mostly provided to individuals who are suffering from depression resulted due to HIV (Relf et al., 2013). First-line treatment regimens for depression include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), or a combination of SSRI and CBT. According to a survey, 24 percent of the youths in the USA are found to be suffering from HIV (Grebely et al., 2013). To prevent this, the government of USA has initiated compulsory sex education in schools and Universities of the nation.

Does Tanner staging differ from culture to culture? Discuss causes? Support your answers with suitable example of one culture with apropriate citation.

Tanner staging, popularly known as Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) can be defined as an objective classification system which is used by the providers to document and track the development as well as the sequence of secondary sex characteristics of children during their puberty.

The puberty stage of an individual is highly dependant on the culture of his family as well as the society he is residing. This is because, according to researchers, 83.9 percent of the adolescent development occurs outside the home (Oh et al., 2012). The sexual psychology of a child gets greatly affected by the moral standards, sense of independence, education as well as the amount of open sexual activities. For instance, in developed countries like the USA, the puberty of a male or a female child arrives much later compared to that of underdeveloped countries like Ghana.

Discussion on Bethesda Classification of Pap smear testing and evaluation, common causes of abnormal Pap smear and recommended treatments

The aim of the Bethesda Pap Smear system is to simplify Papanicolaou smear reporting and make it more reproducible. The pap smear testing is defined to detect cervical cancer in women. The mentioned test is a microscopic examination of the cell taken from uterine (Adams et al., 2015). The mentioned system redefines the pap smear request as a medical consultation. Some of the common causes behind pap smears are as follows:

1. An infection or an inflammation
2. Herpes
3. Recent sexual activities
4. Trichomoniasis
5. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

Two of the recommended treatments are as follows:

1. Conization: This treatment involves a cone-shaped piece of the cervix which consists of affectedcells that have been removed.
2. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A thin loop of thin wire that carries low voltagecurrent enough to remove affected areas of the cervix (Kim et al.,  2013).

Reference List

Adams, A. L., Gidley, J., Roberson, J., Wang, W., Eltoum, I., & Chhieng, D. C. (2015). Clinical significance of unsatisfactory conventional pap smears owing to inadequate squamous cellularity defined by the Bethesda 2001 criterion. American journal of clinical pathology, 123(5), 738-743.

Grebely, J., Oser, M., Taylor, L. E., & Dore, G. J. (2013). Breaking down the barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment among individuals with HCV/HIV coinfection: action required at the system, provider, and patient levels. The Journal of infectious diseases, 207(suppl_1), S19-S25.

Kim, S.S., Suh, D.S., Kim, K.H., Yoon, M.S. & Choi, K.U. (2013). Clinicopathological significance of atypical glandular cells on Pap smear. Obstetrics & gynaecology science, 56(2), 76-83.

Oh, J., Conlan, S., Polley, E. C., Segre, J. A., & Kong, H. H. (2012). Shifts in human skin and nares microbiota of healthy children and adults. Genome medicine, 4(10), 77.

Relf, M. V., Eisbach, S., Okine, K. N., & Ward, T. (2013). Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for managing depression in persons living with HIV. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 24(1), S15-S28.