401005 Human Relationships And Life Transitions

Human Relationship and Life Transitions

Children development refers to the slow unfolding of biological traits and characters that emerge as the child study through experiences (Grantham-McGregor et al. 2007). They undergo fast growth and development, greatly influenced by various factors. Social interaction plays a significant role in the development and the growth of children (Fleming 2018). Young children growth is dependent on the care they receive from caregivers. In each stage, children encounter crises that act as a resolution in development, for example, Julie is not yet toilet trained while other children of her age have mastered this art. The conflict of ego presents challenges to one’s identity. The crises are concentrated on either developing the psychosocial quality or feeling to improve the quality. Meanwhile, if they can deal with the conflict successfully, then emerge from the stage with the psychological firmness which serves them well for the rest of their lives (McCarthy 2013). However, if they fail to deal with these crises effectively, they may not evolve essential skills needed for a strong sense of self. Moreover, the thought of competence motivates behaviors and actions.

The first psychosocial development at this age is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. This stage centers on the children growing a greater sense of personal control (Stapel-Wax 2011). However, they struggle to gain an insight into autonomy which is being able to control their bodily functions (Cherry, 2018).For example, Janie is not able to co They may be immense and minor motor skills and should be apparent to the parent of the children, for example, the case of Julie

The second psychosocial development stage is the initiative vs. guilt. Children at this stage are capable of commencing activities and establishing control over their world through playing and social interactions (Lambert & Kelley 2012). It is fundamental for children to resolve the exercise of initiative vs. guilt. The oedipal factor and social factors more influence the development. The ambition is achieved when the child is expanding the collection of capabilities. Usually, children during this age are very active and locomotive. They are very talkative and ask a lot of questions. They also express their skills through experiment and imaginative play. Their conscience can be put a dumper while at very dynamic development. However, parents and caregivers infuse accountability by advocating strongly on right behavior and conduct.

Furthermore, various theorists have proposed many theories centered on how children develop. Psychoanalytic child development theories focus on that forms the ego and unconscious. Two psychoanalytic theories of development are Erik Erikson psychosexual development and Sigmund Freud’s theory of development. The Freud’s psychosocial child development theory focused on the importance of childhood events and experiences (Cherry 2017). According to this theory, child development is described as phases of psychosexual stages. Each stage, however, satisfies a libido desire and later plays a major role in the personality of an adult. In case of the child do not complete a phase develops a fixation that would then affect adult behavior and personality. Meanwhile, these conflicts related with stage should be rectified to create the right adult personality. Erikson psychosocial child development theory centers on the significance of social experience in shaping Childs psychosocial growth. This theory covers the development of an entire lifespan. People grow and develop into old age. At these stages, people experience a crisis. Conquering the crisis assist in the development of a psychological morality. 

Behavioral child development theories center how children learn through interaction with the surrounding. (Cherry 2017). Two important behavioral procedures that influence developmental are classical conditioning. Classical conditioning incorporates creating cooperation between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally and produce a response automatically. When an association is established, the neutral stimulus produces the answer. Operant conditioning, however, is studying as a result of punishment or reinforcement. The outcomes of the behavior dictate the likelihood for it occurring in the future.

Cognitive child development theories focus how Child’s thinking action change by the path of childhood. Theorist Jean Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He observed that they play an important function in gaining knowledge of the world. The Piaget theory each stage of development is manifested by definite changes in how children internalize of themselves and another world. Piaget theory stages include. The sensorimotor stage occurs the birth and two years. Here children learn about the world by motor interaction and perception. The preoperational stage is the second stage which occurs between 2-6 years and is also a time of rapid development and growth. Children at this age cannot mentally exploit information and gabble to see things towards people’s dimension. Its sad Julie has not yet mastered the art compared to her age mates.

Last, is the social theory of child development that centers on the responsibility of caregivers, parent, peer, and other social influences. For instance, in this case, the parents are supposed to teach Julie to master the toilet functions. Explains how early attachment influence development, and how children learn by observing people around. Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed this theory. This theory combined components of behavioral approaches and cognitive theories. He noted modeling and observation play a significant role in a learning process. 

These development theories have helped add understanding to Nurses. They have come to understand better how children think, grow, think, learn and change over the years. Thus, enabling expansion of the knowledge on the childhood and nursing care. This consequently has improved delivering services to children and hence health growth and development.

Children at the age of 2-5 years are at the critical stage of psychosocial development. The strong foundation on these development stages in essential at these stages. This is because the excellent handling of crises that arises at these stages enables good personal development. Care and support both from the parents and the caregivers. The conflict that occurs at these stages can be corrected. Thus ensuring the child development is not compromised. This is to provide comprehensive physical, mental, social and cognitive development. Thus, preventing adverse impacts on short-term and long-term health and development.

References

Cherry, K. (2017). 5 Important Child Development Theories Retrieved from: https://www.explorepsychology.com/child-development-theories/

Grantham-McGregor S. Cheung YB, Cueto S. Glewwe P, Richter L, et al. (2007) Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369: 60-70.

Stapel-Wax, J. (2011) Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302966137_Autonomy_Versus_Shame_and_Doubt

McCarthy, M. (2013).psychosocial development. Retrieved from: https://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/maths/Erikson%27s%20Psychosocial%20Perspective.pd

Lambert, M. C., & Kelley, H. M. (2011). Initiative Versus Guilt. In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 816-817). Springer, Boston, MA.

Cherry, K. (2018).Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved from:  https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740