NR505 Advanced Research Methods
Question
Data Collection: In this section, students provide a comprehensive and detailed description regarding how data are to be collected. The required content includes:
A. For quantitative design the required content includes:
Provide a detailed explanation on how data collection will occur
Identify the data collection points
Explain the length of time for data collection
Explain all source(s) of data (i.e. self-report, questionnaires, structured observation, biophysiologic)
Describe 2 (two) methods that will be useful in enhancing data quality
Use scholarly references to provide information regarding selected data collection method.
B. For qualitative design the required content includes:
Describe the type of data to be collected (i.e. observation, interview, artifacts)
Provide a detailed explanation on how data collection will occur
Explain the data collection points
Explain the length of time for data collection
Explain the proposed method to achieve data saturation
Describe 2 (two) methods that would be used to enhance data quality
Use scholarly references to provide information regarding selected data collection method
Analysis: In this section, students provide a detailed explanation on how data will be analyzed.
For quantitative data the required content includes:
Describe one type of inferential statistics and their use in this EBP proposal
Use scholarly references to provide information regarding selected analysis method
For qualitative data the required content includes:
Explain how data analysis is organized
Discuss the use of themes and coding for this EBP proposal
Explain triangulation and its relevance to this qualitative design
Use scholarly references to provide information regarding selected analysis method
Evaluation: In this section, students will present information regarding methods useful to objectively determine if outcomes from implementing this proposed
EBP proposal would be positive for stakeholders as well as the nursing practice area reflected in their specialty track. The required content includes:
Describe 2 (two) changes or improvements to nursing practice that may result in the your specialty track area at the micro level if this EBP project was to be implemented
Dissemination of Results: In this section, students will identify specific methods that may be used to share the results from successful implementation of this EBP proposal. The required content includes:
Discuss how the results of this EBP project can be shared with stakeholders
Discuss how the results of this EBP project can be shared with members of your future practice area at the facility, community, state, and national levels
Conclusion: In this section, the student will identify a summary of their EBP project as well as consider the potential contribution to their specialty track practice setting. The required content includes:
Provide a summary of the potential contributions of this EBP proposal project to your specialty track practice and identified practice setting
Answer
Refinement of a Nursing Concern into an EBP proposal using the Research
Data collection
The data collection for the proposed report on the use of the nursing concern into an EBP will deploy the use both the quantitative and qualitative design methods of data collection. The selected data collection methods are discussed in details below.
Quantitative data collection design
Quantitative design method is used to collect the numerical data that can be quantified into the relevant units (Palinkas et al., 2015, pp.533-544). Furthermore, this design is used where the statistical and mathematical analyses are required in the research project. For this reasons, the method was suitable for collecting data that will enable the proposed research to answer the PICO/PICo questions. The following is the PICOT research question established for the proposed study.
P: School-aged children diagnosed with ADHD
I: Prescribe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication
C: Non-pharmacological therapies
O: Will decrease hyperactivity and increase attentiveness
T: The six-month period
The aims to focus on the young children who are characterized to have the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Evans, Stephen, and Julie, 2014, pp.527-551). The quantitative design will focus on the non-pharmacological therapies for increasing attentiveness and decreasing hyperactivity within a six-month period. The quantitative data collection design is considered as credible and reliable for the proposed research due to the numerous statistical analyses required from the collected data of the children.
Data collection processes
The proposed research will deploy the use of data collection techniques in the quantitative design such as the questionnaires, biophysiologic, self-reports, and structured observations. The questionnaires will enable the researchers to obtain information from the parents or guardians to the victims or the respondents. Additionally, the medical personnel will be very vital when collecting the data with the questionnaires. (Ingham-Broomfield and Rebbecca, 2014, p.32) appreciates the importance of the questionnaires in collecting the quantitative data as it provides the first hand data from the respondents. The open-ended questionnaires would be essential as they lead to minimized biases and provide an opportunity for the respondents to give their actual opinion about the subject matter in the research. On the other hand, the closed ended questionnaires will enable the researchers to narrow in the results in terms of accuracy as it is based on the factual contexts.
Concisely, the use of the structured observation in quantitative data collection ensures that the data collected is relevant to the topic of study and the laid questions to the proposed research. This is approved by (Bryman, 2017, pp.57-78) in his findings on the importance of the structured observations. The author elaborates that since the research is conversant with the research questions, it will provide a clear guideline in outlining the relevance of the quantitative data to the research. On the other side, the biophysiologic and self-reports would enable the researcher to get access to the data from the studies conducted earlier and from the medical records at the medical facilities.
Data collection points
The data will be collected in the medical facilities including the rehabilitation centres, therapy centres, and the children hospitals. The respondents or the participants will be the doctors, the psychiatrists, psychologists, children, and the guardians or the parents. However, the data collection exercise will take place for a period of six months in order to provide enough time for some sources of data collection such as questionnaires that require are time consuming (Denscombe, 2014).
Methods of enhancing the data quality
The following are the proposed methods of improving the data quality in the proposed research.
Data profiling
(Megahed, Fadel, and Jones, 2015, pp.29-47) acknowledges that the data profiling involves analyzing the uniqueness and the correctness of the data. The technique will help in checking whether the collected data can be reused by collecting the relevant statistics with the help of the data mining tools
Data normalization technique
This is another technique that the prosed research will use in improving the quality of data (Schwarzenbach et al., 2015, pp.10-15). After collection, the data will go through a through standardization whereby a singular approach will be used to remove the redundancies.
Qualitative data collection design
The qualitative data collection methods utilize the non-numerical sets of data (Lewis, 2015, pp.473-475). This method is will be very vital for the research, as it will be used to collect the views, opinions, and the perception of the respondents towards the research topic and question. The following is the PICO/PICo research question to be answered by the qualitative data.
P: The young children characterized with the ADHD
I: Prescribe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication
C: Pharmacological therapies
O: Will decrease hyperactivity and increase attentiveness
T: The six-month period
Types of data to be collected
The quantitative data for the project will be collected through observation, artifacts, and the interviews. The observation methods involve gathering the data through audio, tactile, and visual approaches. In observation method, the characteristics of the individuals, their verbal and non-verbal communication, and the environmental characteristics will be the key targets for the researcher during the process. According to (Spradley, 2016), the steps involved in observation method include deciding what to observe, determining how to conduct the observation in order to ensure every variable is observed in the similar way, orientation and providing the written instructions to the observers in the research, and finally validating the accuracy and consistency of the observation techniques.
Another type of data to be collected is with the interviews. (Melnyk et al., 2014, pp.5-15) ascertains that the interviews can be utilized in Evidence-Based nursing practices since they enable the researcher to collect raw data from the respondents or the participants who could be the victims of the proposed research. The authors claim that such respondents thought the interviews give detailed information on the subject and their opinion are highly considered reliable. Interviews can be structured or unstructured according to the type of information the research wants to collect (Levashina et al., 2014, pp.241-293).
Data collection points and the required time
The proposed research will obtain the qualitative data from the children’s’ homes and orphanages, hospitals, rehabilitation facilities, special schools for children, and the hospitals. Like the quantitative data, the qualitative data to be collected will be done for six months to provide enough time for the interviews to be conducted effectively as they are time consuming.
Achieving data saturation
Data saturation in qualitative research has been accepted by many scholars as a methodological principle, which indicates that after the data is collected and analyzed, further collection and analyses are unnecessary (Tran et al., 2016, pp.88-96). In the proposed research of nursing concern into the EBP, saturation will be achieved in interviews after the researcher begins receiving similar responses repeatedly while the observers observe similar results at a certain point.
Enhancing data quality
The research will deploy the following method in enhancing the quality of the qualitative data.
Semantic metadata management
After data collection, this technique will ensure that the different researchers does not interpret some data terms and concepts wrongly (Chen, 2015, pp.175-194). Through the centralizing of the data collected on the children diagnosed with ADHD, this will help in establishing the definitions to different trends in the data thus reducing the inconsistent misinterpretations.
Data quality firewall
After the data is collected, this technique can be used to keep the data error free and remove the repetitive data especially from the interviews in cases where the data has been collected electronically.
Analysis
Analysis of quantitative data
The proposed techniques of quantitative data analysis for the study are descriptive and inferential statistics. These are elaborated in the section below.
Descriptive statistics
(Slocum et al., 2014, pp.41-56) acknowledges that the descriptive statistics is an analytic technique that can be used to reduce a large amount of data into few summary indicators thus reducing the given scores into averages. The descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the large volumes of data for the children diagnosed with the ADHD conditions via the use of the measures of the central tendencies, variability, graphing the data, and the measures of position. For instance, the measures of central tendencies will highlight the mean, mode, and the median in the range of the provided data. The mean is termed as the average number in a population, which will be vital in the definition of the analysis of the data for the nursing concern into the Evidence Based Practice for the proposed research study. The mode could be used to give the most frequent occurrence in the distribution within the samples while the median will give the middle score of the sample when arranged in a descending or ascending order.
However, the use of the graphing technique as a means of descriptive analysis provides an insightful view to the trends in the data sets (Hsieh, Ming, and Georgina, 2018, pp.1-14). Graphing in the proposed analysis will enable the researcher to easily identify slight changes in the ADHD victims across different data collection points with bar graphs, line graphs, histograms, and the pie charts among others.
Inferential statistics
(Sadiq, 2018, pp.61-69) outlined that the several types of inferential analyses techniques include T-Test, ANOVA (analysis of variance), ANCOVA (analysis of covariance), and Chi-Square C2. In our proposed research, we will employ the use of ANOVA analysis technique.
ANOVA analysis technique
This provides an analysis of the variance of the data sets. It is termed as a statistical model that provides estimations to procedures such as the variation among groups that are used to analyze the differences between samples. The use of this technique can involve a single independent variable referred to as a One-way ANOVA. The technique can be used on two or three independent variables referred to as Two-way and Three-way ANOVA respectively. Moreover, the technique can be applied when the variables are more than three referred to as N-ANOVA. For instance, the Two-way ANOVA in our research could have the independent variable as the children diagnosed with the ADHD condition basing on their age and gender (Aguinis et al., 2018, pp.83-110). This will enable us to analyze the differences in the sets of data and the trends likely to occur.
Analysis of qualitative data
Organizing data analysis
This is to make sure that the large amounts of data that most researchers tend to leave out are incorporated for analysis. Organizing the evidence-based data will minimize the chances of working out of the research objectives, aims, and the research questions. The researcher is obligated to arrange the data in a visually clear manner with tables or any relevant mechanism.
The use of themes and coding for the EBP research proposal
The use of codes and themes is the best way to compress the different sets of data into more efficient data for analysis process. However, coding in qualitative analysis involves categorizing the EBP data into patterns, properties, and concepts (Bourgault et al., 2018, pp.1-7). This enables the researcher to give meaning to the data. The proposed themes and coding types that would be used in the EBP proposal research include the descriptive coding, pattern coding, and the In-Vivo coding.
The relevance of triangulation in qualitative analysis
According to (Shekhar et al., 2018, pp.1-13) triangulation is the use of many techniques or the data sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of the nursing concern to the EBP phenomenon. Additionally, it is also a strategy to converge information from different sources to test the validity of the qualitative research. Triangulation will enable the researcher to vary the data from the different sources such as observations, questionnaires, self-reports among others to have a broader view and opinion over the topic of study in the proposed research.
Evaluation
From the assessment of this proposal, the stakeholder’s to the study will experience improved outcomes should the project be implemented since they will have enough information concerning the pharmacological therapies and the non-pharmacological therapies (Van et al., 2018, pp.42-46). In any given system or organization, the availability of the relevant information is considered to be a powerful tool that influence the right decisions in a critical situation. Therefore, the parents to the children diagnosed with the ADHD being the major stakeholders to this research study, they will be provided with conclusive information that is based on the evidence of the collected information to determine whether to implement the pharmacological therapies or the non-pharmacological therapies to their children. Furthermore, if the EBP research is implemented, the parents will have alternatives where they can take the victims for consultations and treatment. Additionally, another factor likely to be brought out in the results should the project be implemented is the comparison of the victim recoveries for the two therapy types. The projections of the results are that the non-phraseological therapy might be encouraged over the other since the victims who recover without the influence of drugs are likely to stay changed after the treatment phase than the victims of the other type of therapy.
The changes to the nursing practice if the EPB project is implemented
If the EPB proposal is implemented, the confidence and the competence of the nurses in therapies and the pediatrics will be boosted than in the past times. This is due to the evidence provided by the research results concerning the rightful therapies to be implemented to the suitable victims (Zhu et al., 2018, pp.791-801). This is because the research study will outline the effects of each type of the therapy to the school-aged children. The results of the study will also indicated the ages, the regions, among other variables that are repellant to a certain type of the therapy and the trend in the effects posing negative impacts to the children. With this information available, the caretakers, the nurses, children psychologists, and the children pediatrics will be able to illustrate to the stakeholders the rightful advice they should take concerning their children diagnosed with the ADHD.
Another improvement that is likely to be observed should the EBP proposal be implemented is the improved relationship between the nurses and the ADHD victims. This is because the nursing evidence based proposal encourages the nurses to assist the patients into independence, which is an ultimate goal for children. This will essentially help the victims to undergo the non-pharmacological therapies and fasten the recovery period through behavioral changes brought about by the good relationship with the nurses.
Dissemination of results
After the compilations of the findings and results of the EBP project, the proposed means to share it with the stakeholders using the magazines and fliers. These usually attractive and well-printed media outlets appeal to the readers. Stakeholders rarely have enough time to peruse through long contents in any form of the print media (Ramanadhan et al., 2018, pp.363-369). To have the results read by most stakeholders, the use of emails to send a summary of the results to the stakeholders will be convenient and effective. After printing out to the short magazines containing the results, the emails will cater for those stakeholders who rarely read the print media outlets.
However, the results can be shared with the members of the community, state, and at the national level through publishing them and having them stored at the national archives, national libraries, and in the newspapers where they can be easily accessible. This will ensure that the materials are available for reference for every member of the public or the relevant parties.
Conclusion
From the nursing concern for the evidence based practices research proposal, it can be concluded that the data that would be collected will be the basis of decision making by the nurses and other medical practitioners who attend to the victims of the ADHD condition. The proposal illustrates the frustrations encountered by the stakeholders due to the lack of sufficient information that can guide them through the taking care of their diagnosed children (Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2017, pp.501-517). With the implementation of the EBP research project, the information will be available that will be the basis of making their children select the rightful type of therapy that leads into full recovery from the ADHD condition. However, the proposed study requires a long time that would enable collection of sufficient data for analysis. A period of six months is preferred, as it will give time for both the quantitative and qualitative data the collection methods to be used. These methods involve the techniques that are time consuming thus calling for a long period for data collection.
The potential contributions of these evidence-based practices in nursing research proposal is the improved relationship between the nurses and the patients due to the understanding of the patient’s behavior. Another great contribution is the availability of the data that can be used to project the future trends in the diagnosis of the ADHD condition among the school-aged children (Polit and Denise, 2010). The therapies conducted are more credible as they would now be dedicated to the rightful patient should the research proposal be implemented. Moreover, the evidence based practices research has cultivated a positive attitude towards the value of information for both the patients and the nurses. This has helped to map the beliefs towards the Evidence-Based Practices and the implementation of this evidence into practice.
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