SNPG945 Community Development Nursing Theory And Practice
Question:
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, are collectively responsible for almost 70% of all deaths worldwide. Almost three quarters of all NCD deaths, and 82% of the 16 million people who died prematurely, or before reaching 70 years of age, occur in low- and middle-income countries. The rise of NCDs has been driven by primarily four major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets .Furthermore, as many people are affected by mental health and neurological disorders including depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar, schizophrenia and dementia as NCD’s (WHO 2018).
Goal
The goal of this assignment is for students to choose a topic of interest from the list below. Students are required to select one of the following topics.
- Diabetes Type 2 (including obesity)
- Chronic respiratory conditions (as a result of smoking)
- Mental Illness (including self-harm)
- Infectious diseases (sexual transmission)
- Alcohol and its effects ( excessive consumption)
Students are then to conduct library research and to acquire knowledge and understanding about their chosen topic. In a written essay format, Students are required to:
- Clearly state your chosen topic. Discuss the incidence and prevalence (epidemiology) of reported cases globally, including the current estimated morbidity and mortality rates of the condition.
- Discuss the cohort most at risk of the condition (the age of the population mostly affected).
- Review the current strategies for health promotion of the chosen topic and discuss the effectiveness of the programs. Do the programs appear to be working? Consider if the programs are suitable to the cohort most at risk.
Answer:
Type 2 diabetes
Diabetes is defined as a health illness which increases blood glucose level of any human and this is one of the biggest problems in Australia. Diabetes is increased rapidly in the last few years and it is calculated that in 2011 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to diabetes. There are mainly two types of diabetes occur in human body systems such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Gupta, Teede, & Aroni, 2018). Type 2 diabetes is one of the greatest mutual illnesses which are increasing day by day and in the year 2014, almost 3 million people were diagnosed due to kind 2 diabetes. The core objective of this essay is to describe the cause of type 2 diabetes and health promotion strategies and policies to reduce the problem of obesity and diabetes type 2 in Australia (Handley, Ventura, Browne, Rich, Attia, Reddy, & Speight, 2016).
There are many leading factors which are increasing the problem of type 2 diabetes such as lack of physical activates and exercise, lack of healthy diets, use of sugar in all products, overweight, and other environmental factors (Huo, Magliano, Rancière, Harding, Nanayakkara, Shaw, & Carstensen, 2018). Any person suffers from type 2 diabetes when the pancreas does not deliver enough insulin than his body system does not work properly and diagnose many health problems. According to the world health group, it is calculated that the amount of kind 2 diabetes has doubled in the year 2016 and around 459,000 new cases were added in the year 2016. This type of problem occurs in adults whose age above 45 years and also occur in children who are overweight and obese. It is one of the most leading cause of deaths and in the year 2012, almost 29% of people died due to type 2 diabetes in which majority of people are adults whose age above 40 years (Inzucchi, Bergenstal, Buse, Diamant, Ferrannini, Nauck, & Matthews, 2015).
There are many symptoms of diabetes type 2 such as improved thirst and recurrent urination, weight loss, improved hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, frequent contagions, areas of dark skin, and urinating a lot. It is a very biggest problem in Australia and the rate of type 2 diabetes is higher than the rate of populace (Marso, Daniels, Brown, Kristensen, Mann, Nauck, & Steinberg, 2016). Type 2 diabetes increases many other diseases and health problems such as obesity, overweight, heart disease, chronic disease, COPD, cancer, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Obesity or overweight is a common reason of type 2 diabetes and it is investigated that the rate of obesity is increased by 2.9% in the year 2015 and between 2014 and 2016 around 4.5 million people were obese. In Australia many people are suffering from obesity and overweight and there are main two key factors which are leading problem of obesity in all countries such as lack of exercise or physical activities and use of unhealthy foods like fast foods (Mayer, Lawrence, Dabelea, Divers, Isom, Dolan, & Pihoker, 2017).
Obesity is defined as a health problem which occurs when any person eats more and exceed energy level than he suffers from overweight and obesity. According to the world health organization, it is observed that in 2016 around 3 million people were obese and of which around 2 million people are children and 1 million people are adults. In Australia the numbers of obese women are more than as compare to a number of obese men and the main reason of this increment is that lack of physical activates and exercise (Neal, Perkovic, Mahaffey, De, Fulcher, Erondu, & Matthews, 2017). Obesity is one of the common causes of type 2 diabetes and if any person eats unhealthy foods like fast foods than he can suffer from obesity and overweight. Between 2011 and 2013 the rate of obesity is increased by 5.8% in Australia and around 10 billion people were obese due to overweight in all countries (Pannu, Piers, Soares, Zhao, & Ansari, 2017). Therefore it is investigated that there are mainly two factors which are leading this type of diseases such as lack of physical activities or exercise and use of unhealthy diets. Body mass index is one of the best processes to defined obesity and overweight and this process can be used to identify which person is obese or unhealthy. According to national health services, BMI is divided into three categories in which if any BMI of any person is between 15 and 25 than he is considered as a healthy person. If BMI is between 30 and 40 than he is considered as an obese or overweight person but if BMI value is above 40 than he is considered as an unhealthy person (Rubino, Nathan, Eckel, Schauer, Alberti, Zimmet, & Amiel, 2016).
|
Sorting |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) |
|
Healthy weight |
18.5–24.9 |
|
Overweight |
25–29.9 |
|
Obesity I |
30–34.9 |
|
Obesity II |
35–39.9 |
|
Obesity III |
40 or more |
To reduce the problem of type 2 diabetes and obesity Australian government developed many strategies and policies and also improved health and wellbeing programmes (Trawley, Baptista, Browne, Pouwer, & Speight, 2017). Health promotion plays a significant part in the reaction of obesity and types 2 diabetes in which this program promote healthy diets and also provide proper exercise plan through which people can reduce the problem of diabetes and obesity. Health promotion is one of the best platforms to identify the cause of type 2 diabetes and also provide prevention method to reduce this problem (Wu, J. Foote, Blomster, Toyama, Perkovic, Sundström, & Neal, 2016). It also provided many health strategies and policies such as eats healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, eggs, and fish and drink milk, follow proper exercise program which can improve metabolism of human body system, do physical activities which can reduce stress and dispersion, and walk daily around 1 km and use stair rather than lift or escalators, reduce use of sugar. If any person follows this guideline than he can reduce the problem of obesity, and diabetes because exercise and physical activities maintain energy in your body system and reduce the problem of type 2 diabetes. Doctors and nurses can promote healthy diets and exercise to the patient which can reduce this type of problem (Zoungas, Woodward, Cooper, Hamet, Harrap, & Williams, 2014).
Type 2 diabetes is the biggest health risk in Australia and in the year 2015 around 2 million people were diagnosed due to obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that there are main two key factors which are increasing the problem of obesity such as lack of exercise and use of unhealthy foods. This essay explained the problem of obesity and diabetes type 2 in Australia and the role of health promotion in the reduction of kind 2 diabetes. The government should improve health and wellbeing programmes and provide education and training programmes for patients that can help to reduce the problem of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
References
Gupta, S., Teede, H., & Aroni, R. (2018). 5.10-P17 The role of physical activity identities and ethnic identities in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease management among South Asians and Anglo-Australians in Australia. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 048-203.
Handley, T. E., Ventura, A. D., Browne, J. L., Rich, J., Attia, J. R., Reddy, P., & Speight, J. (2016). Suicidal ideation reported by adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: results from Diabetes MILES—Australia. Diabetic medicine, 33(11), 1582-1589.
Huo, L., Magliano, D. J., Rancière, F., Harding, J. L., Nanayakkara, N., Shaw, J. E., & Carstensen, B. (2018). Impact of age at diagnosis and duration of type 2 diabetes on mortality in Australia 1997–2011. Diabetologia, 61(5), 1055-1063.
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., & Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38(1), 140-149.
Marso, S. P., Daniels, G. H., Brown, K., Kristensen, P., Mann, J. F., Nauck, M. A., & Steinberg, W. M. (2016). Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 311-322.
Mayer, E. J., Lawrence, J. M., Dabelea, D., Divers, J., Isom, S., Dolan, L., & Pihoker, C. (2017). Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(15), 1419-1429.
Neal, B., Perkovic, V., Mahaffey, K. W., De Zeeuw, D., Fulcher, G., Erondu, N., & Matthews, D. R. (2017). Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(7), 644-657.
Pannu, P. K., Piers, L. S., Soares, M. J., Zhao, Y., & Ansari, Z. (2017). Vitamin D status is inversely associated with markers of risk for type 2 diabetes: A population-based study in Victoria, Australia. PloS one, 12(6), e0178825.
Rubino, F., Nathan, D. M., Eckel, R. H., Schauer, P. R., Alberti, K. G. M., Zimmet, P. Z., & Amiel, S. A. (2016). Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 12(6), 1144-1162.
Trawley, S., Baptista, S., Browne, J. L., Pouwer, F., & Speight, J. (2017). The Use of Mobile Applications Among Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Second MILES—Australia (MILES-2) Study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 19(12), 730-738.
Wu, J. H., Foote, C., Blomster, J., Toyama, T., Perkovic, V., Sundström, J., & Neal, B. (2016). Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(5), 411-419.
Zoungas, S., Woodward, M., Li, Q., Cooper, M. E., Hamet, P., Harrap, S., & Williams, B. (2014). Impact of age, age at diagnosis and duration of diabetes on the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications and death in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 57(12), 2465-2474.
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